Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part H (2025)

This abstract examines the legal validity and evidentiary challenges of virtual marriages and online nikahs. The rise of these unions, accelerated by technology and global events, has created a complex intersection of traditional religious law and modern civil law. While many jurisdictions and Islamic scholars acknowledge their legitimacy under certain conditions, such as the presence of a guardian and witnesses, significant legal and evidentiary hurdles remain. Key challenges include the lack of legal recognition in many civil systems, difficulties in verifying the identity of parties and witnesses, and the inability to definitively prove uncoerced consent in a digital environment. The paper concludes by arguing that for these marriages to be universally recognized, legal frameworks must adapt to address these issues, possibly through the use of robust digital authentication, biometrics, and a standardized international protocol to ensure legal certainty and protect the rights of all involved parties.